Tuesday, January 26, 2016

How to compile invalid objects in oracle

SELECT CASE object_type
  2         WHEN 'PACKAGE' THEN
  3          'ALTER '||object_type||' '||owner||'.'||object_name||' COMPILE;'
  4         ELSE
  5          'ALTER PACKAGE '||owner||'.'||object_name||' COMPILE BODY;'
  6         END
  7    FROM dba_objects
  8   WHERE STATUS = 'INVALID'
  9    and owner = 'TESTCMS'
 10     AND object_type IN ('PACKAGE','PACKAGE BODY','FUNCTION','PROCEDURE');

CASEOBJECT_TYPEWHEN'PACKAGE'THEN'ALTER'||OBJECT_TYPE||''||OWNER||'.'||OBJECT_NAM
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ALTER PACKAGE TESTCMS.BCE_DOWNLOAD_LIST_PORTLET COMPILE BODY;
ALTER PACKAGE TESTCMS.BCE_CMS_ITEM_DISPLAY_PORTLET COMPILE BODY;
ALTER PACKAGE TESTCMS.BCE_CMS_EDIT_CONTENT_PORTLET COMPILE BODY;
ALTER PACKAGE TESTCMS.BCE_IMAGE_GALLERY_PORTLET COMPILE BODY;
ALTER PACKAGE TESTCMS.BCE_CMS_RSS_FEED COMPILE BODY;

For function and procedure use:
alter function TESTCMS.object_name compile;
alter trigger schema.object_type compile;
alter procedure schema.object_type compile;

alter trigger PORTAL.WWDOC_DOCU_BRU_TRG compile;

=====================
TESTCMS                        BCE_CMS_NOTIFICATION_PORTLET                                                                                                     PACKAGE BODY
TESTCMS                        BCE_CMS_APPROVAL                                                                                                                 PACKAGE BODY

ALTER PACKAGE TESTCMS.BCE_CMS_NOTIFICATION_PORTLET COMPILE BODY;
ALTER PACKAGE TESTCMS.BCE_CMS_APPROVAL COMPILE BODY;

Oracle Text indexes synchronisation

PURPOSE=======
To show how the Oracle Text indexes are synchronized and how to control it. 

SCOPE & APPLICATION===================
This note is for Oracle Text administrators and developers. 

Synchronizing Text Indexes
A text index always responds within the same transaction to DELETE in the indexed column, but the response to INSERT and UPDATE which is modeled as a DELETE followed by an INSERT is asynchronous. An internal trigger which isinvisible to the customer requests index maintenance by inserting a row intoa queue table in CTXSYS schema for each new row in the indexed column.This DML queue can be tracked by querying the CTX_PENDING or CTX_USER_PENDINGText data dictionary view. 
Example: 
  create table docs (id number primary key, doc varchar2(60));
  create index i_doc on docs (doc) indextype is ctxsys.context; 
  insert into docs values (1,'A man walking on the street with a barking dog.'); 
  select * from ctx_user_pending; 
  PND_INDEX_NAME                 PND_ROWID          PND_TIMES   ------------------------------ ------------------ ---------   I_DOC                          AAAHVoAAEAAAEiqAAA 14-NOV-06 
  select * from docs where contains(doc,'dog')>0; 
  no rows selected 
In this situation the table and the text index on a column of this table are notsynchronized. A text query on the indexed column does not return the new row eventhough the new document fulfills the condition. So the table and the index have to be synchronized. The above defined DML queue contains information about rows in the document tableto be synchronized with the text index. We say that the table is synchronized withits text index when there is no entry referencing to this text index in the DML queue. 
After synchronizing the table and its index text queries return with the new/updateddocuments fulfilling the condition. Of course, the entry referencing the rows to besynchronized disappear from the DML queue. 
Example: 
  select * from docs where contains(doc,'man')>0; 
         ID DOC   --------- ----------------------------------------------------------------           1 A man walking on the street with a barking dog 
  select * from ctx_user_pending; 
  no rows selected 
There are two approaches for synchronization: 
  1. Explicit one-shot request for a given index   2. Implicit continuous request for all indexes database-wide 
1. Explicit Synchronization 
Explicit synchronization can be implemented using ctx_ddl.sync_index PL/SQL procedure.
  begin   ctx_ddl.sync_index(idx_name => '<index_name>', memory => '50M');  end;
The memory parameter determines the maximum memory which will be allocated by theprocess which synchronizes the table and the index. Its default and maximum valueis determined by the DEFAULT_INDEX_MEMORY and MAX_INDEX_MEMORY system parameterrespectively which can be queried from CTX_PARAMETERS Text data dictionary viewand can be modified with ctx_adm.set_parameter PL/SQL procedure. It is worth setting larger values for faster completion and there will be fewer recordsper token in the token table. 

PL/SQL procedures have to be written for implementing synchronization in order to start jobs running automatically. Defining jobs requires at least one job queue process running. 
Example: 
  create or replace procedure my_index_sync   is   begin     ctx_ddl.sync_index( idx_name => 'my_index', memory => '50M');   end;   / 
  declare   v_job number;     begin    dbms_job.submit( job=>v_job, what=>'my_index_sync;', next_date=>sysdate, interval=>'sysdate+1/24');  end;   / 
One of the advantages of this method is to make differences between indexes,i.e. less important indexes can be syncronized rarely and more important often.So synchronization policy can be implemented for each text index. On the other hand, DBA always has to keep track the job system and if a new text index is created in the database DBA has to look after its synchronization. 

2. Explicit Synchronization for all text indexes database-wide 
This is a short script that runs sync in a loop with a variable delay.It remains logged on, continually scanning for DML to do on any index.
Note that this script will never exit on its own.

create table stop_sync(aa varchar(10)); declare  the_count integer;  sleep_time number := 5;begin  loop    -- scan and process pending dml to do    ctx_ddl.sync_index('null');    select count(*) into the_count from stop_sync;    exit when the_count > 0;    -- sleep for 5 seconds to avoid spinning    dbms_lock.sleep(sleep_time);  end loop;  delete from stop_sync;  commit;end;/
To stop it, you simply insert a row into the table "stop_sync" from another session.
insert into stop_sync values ('X');commit;


Monday, January 18, 2016

How to check which are the object cached in memory

 How to check which are the object cached in memory:-

select SUBSTR(owner,1,10) Owner,SUBSTR(Type,1,12) Type,SUBSTR(name,1,20) Name,
executions,sharable_mem Mem_used,
SUBSTR(Kept||' ',1,4) "Kept"
from v$db_object_cache
where type in('trigger','procedure','Package Body','Package')
order by executions desc;

Sunday, January 17, 2016

How would an application developer execute a query based on specific partition

What is interval partitioning:


 Oracle Database 11g does, with a feature called Interval Partitioning. Here, you don't define partitions and their boundaries but merely an interval that defines each partition's boundaries. Here is the same example in interval partitioning:

create table sales6
(
   sales_id    number,
   sales_dt    date
)
partition by range (sales_dt)
                              
interval (numtoyminterval(1,'MONTH'))
(
   partition p0701 values less than (to_date('2007-02-01','yyyy-mm-dd'))
);

How would an application developer address a specific partition? One way is to know the name, which may not be possible, and even if you know, it is highly error prone. To facilitate the access to specific partition, Oracle Database 11g offers a new syntax for partitioning SQLs:

SQL> select * from sales6 partition for (to_date('15-may-2007','dd-mon-yyyy'));

  SALES_ID SALES_DT
  ----------    ---------
      1    01-MAY-07


Note the new clause for (value), which allows you to directly reference partitions without explicitly calling them by their exact name. If you want to truncate or drop a partition, you can call this extended portioning syntax.


After the table is created in this manner, the PARTITIONING_TYPE column in view DBA_PART_TABLES shows INTERVAL

Tuesday, January 12, 2016

How to add a new disk in ASM

How to add a new disk in ASM Filesystem:-


/dev/sdi1            259610368    538324 259072044   1% /flash4
/etc/init.d/oracleasm createdisk ASMDISK02

====
/etc/init.d/oracleasm createdisk ASMDISK02 /dev/sdi1

=====
ALTER DISKGROUP DBGROUP1 ADD DISK 'ORCL:ASMDISK02';

alter system set asm_diskstring='/dev/oracleasm/disks/*' scope=both;

ALTER DISKGROUP DBGROUP1 ADD DISK 'ORCL:ASMDISK02' NAME  ASMDISK02  REBALANCE POWER 11;

ALTER DISKGROUP DBGROUP1 DROP DISK 'ORCL:ASMDISK02';

=============
select NAME, PATH, MOUNT_STATUS, HEADER_STATUS, MODE_STATUS, TOTAL_MB, FREE_MB
from v$asm_disk;


2. Add new ASM disks to the diskgroup:

alter diskgroup ORADB_DATA01_DG add disk 'ORCL:H_1253_1521';
alter diskgroup ORADB_DATA01_DG add disk 'ORCL:H_1253_1522';
alter diskgroup ORADB_DATA01_DG add disk 'ORCL:H_1253_1523';

alter diskgroup ORADB_DATA01_DG REBALANCE POWER 10; or
alter system set asm_power_limit=10 scope=memory;

-- Check the rebalance operation
select * from v$asm_operation;


Time taken to rebalance the diskgroup: app. 90 min.


3. Identify the disks to drop from the diskgroup:

set linesize 200;
col path format a20;

select NAME, PATH, MOUNT_STATUS, HEADER_STATUS, MODE_STATUS, TOTAL_MB, FREE_MB
from v$asm_disk;

ALTER DISKGROUP ORADB_DATA01_DG DROP DISK B_1530_1091;
ALTER DISKGROUP ORADB_DATA01_DG DROP DISK C_1530_1090;
ALTER DISKGROUP ORADB_DATA01_DG DROP DISK D_1530_1081;

alter diskgroup ORADB_DATA01_DG REBALANCE POWER 10; or
alter system set asm_power_limit=10 scope=memory;

-- Check the rebalance operation
select * from v$asm_operation;


====================


/etc/init.d/oracleasm createdisk ORA_G1D6 /dev/sdn1

ALTER DISKGROUP DBGROUP1 ADD DISK 'ORCL:ORA_G1D5';
ALTER DISKGROUP DBGROUP1 ADD DISK 'ORCL:ORA_G1D6';
ALTER DISKGROUP DBGROUP1 ADD DISK 'ORCL:ORA_G1D7';
ALTER DISKGROUP DBGROUP1 ADD DISK 'ORCL:ORA_G1D8';

alter diskgroup DBGROUP1 REBALANCE POWER 10;

ALTER DISKGROUP DBGROUP1 DROP DISK 'ORCL:ASMDISK02';

ORA_G1D1
ORA_G1D2
ORA_G1D3
ORA_G1D4
ORA_G1D5
ORA_G1D6
ORA_G1D7
ORA_G1D8
 

How to estimate the size of a export dump:

How to estimate the size of a export dump:

expdp system/pw SCHEMAS=BACDBA LOGFILE=dir1:BACDBA.LOG estimate_only=y

How to change archive log destination:

How to change archive log destination:

ALTER SYSTEM SET log_archive_dest ='/flash2/arch/PMSDB/archivelog' scope=both;

or

ALTER SYSTEM ARCHIVE LOG ALL TO ‘/u04/oradata/PROD’;




How to change the database from noarchivelog to archivelog:

SQL> startup mount exclusive;
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area  574619648 bytes
Fixed Size                   780240 bytes
Variable Size             304879664 bytes
Database Buffers          268435456 bytes
Redo Buffers                 524288 bytes
Database mounted.
SQL> ALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOG;

Database altered.

SQL> ARCHIVE LOG START
Statement processed.
SQL> ALTER DATABASE OPEN;


Alternatively, add the above commands into your database's startup command script, and bounce the database.

The following parameters needs to be set for databases in ARCHIVELOG mode:

log_archive_start         = TRUE
log_archive_dest_1        = 'LOCATION=/arch_dir_name'
log_archive_dest_state_1  = ENABLE
log_archive_format        = %d_%t_%s.arc

How to check block corruption:

How to check block corruption:


BACKUP VALIDATE CHECK LOGICAL DATABASE ARCHIVELOG ALL;

select * from v$database_block_corruption;


How to configure redundancy:


CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO REDUNDANCY 2;(Keep last two backups)

CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO RECOVERY WINDOW OF 3 DAYS;(Keep last three days backup)

How to copy SCHEMA STATISTICS:

How to copy SCHEMA STATISTICS:

SCHEMA NAME – TEST
Create the table to store the statistics-
EXEC DBMS_STATS.CREATE_STAT_TABLE(‘TEST’, ‘STATS_TABLE’);
Export schema stats – will be stored in the ‘STATS_TABLE’
EXEC DBMS_STATS.export_schema_stats(‘TEST’,'STATS_TABLE’,NULL,’TEST’);
If required import these statistics back to TEST schema.
EXEC DBMS_STATS.import_schema_stats(‘TEST’,'STATS_TABLE’,NULL,’TEST’);
Finally drop the table created to backup the schema stats
EXEC DBMS_STATS.drop_stat_table(‘TEST’,'STATS_TABLE’);

How to kill a oracle session in windows

How to kill a oracle session in windows:

First select the spid:

SELECT p.SPID,s.Program,CLIENT_INFO,s.LOGON_TIME FROM V$SESSION s, V$PROCESS p WHERE s.PADDR=p.ADDR AND s.Program like 'RMAN%' ;

On Windows, there is a command-line utility called ORAKILL which lets you kill a specific thread in this situation. From a command prompt, run the following command:

orakill sid thread_id
that is
orakill orcl thread_id=spid from above command

Monday, January 11, 2016

DBMS_REDEFINITION was killed or stopped

How to resolve this issue even the DBMS_REDEFINITION was killed or stopped :
If we start the REDEFINITION with below

SQL> BEGIN
DBMS_REDEFINITION.start_redef_table(
uname      => 'TESTFLP',
orig_table => 'TAP_AUDIT_TRAIL',
int_table  => 'TAP_AUDIT_TRAIL_TMP');
END;
/   2    3    4    5    6    7

suddenly realised something is wrong or taking to long time.
If we kill the session next time when you start the REDEFINITION it will throw the below error
BEGIN
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-23539: table "TESTFLP"."TAP_AUDIT_TRAIL" currently being redefined
ORA-06512: at "SYS.DBMS_REDEFINITION", line 56
ORA-06512: at "SYS.DBMS_REDEFINITION", line 1490
ORA-06512: at line 2

To remove the error first try with the below:

BEGIN
DBMS_REDEFINITION.abort_redef_table(
uname      => 'TESTFLP',
orig_table => 'TAP_AUDIT_TRAIL',
int_table  => 'TAP_AUDIT_TRAIL_TMP');
END;
/   2    3    4    5    6    7

=====
In case it is done on partition table

DBMS_REDEFINITION.ABORT_REDEF_TABLE (
   uname       IN VARCHAR2,
   orig_table  IN VARCHAR2,
   int_table   IN VARCHAR2,
  part_name    IN  VARCHAR2 := NULL);

 ABORT_REDEF_TABLE Procedure Parameters

Parameter    Description
uname

The schema name of the tables.

orig_table

The name of the table to be redefined.

int_table

The name of the interim table.

part_name

The name of the partition being redefined. If redefining only a single partition of a table, specify the partition name in this parameter. NULL implies the entire table is being redefined.

================
If nothing works then below

drop materialized view TESTFLP.TAP_AUDIT_TRAIL_TMP;
DROP SNAPSHOT LOG ON TESTFLP.TAP_AUDIT_TRAIL;
drop table TESTFLP.TAP_AUDIT_TRAIL_TMP;

Saturday, January 9, 2016

How to check which directories you have privilege to read & write before running export dump in oracle

To check on which directories you have privilege to read & write:
#################################################################

SQL> SELECT privilege, directory_name
2 FROM user_tab_privs t, all_directories d
3 WHERE t.table_name(+)=d.directory_name
4 ORDER BY 2,1;



How to enable debug mode in toad:

1. Grant debug any procedure to user_name;
2. Grant debug connect session to user_name;
3. GRANT EXECUTE ON DBMS_DEBUG to public;



========================
How to kill blocking session:
First check the session are not background;

set serveroutput on;
declare
CURSOR killist
IS
select s.sid, s.serial#
from v$session s
where last_call_et > 180
and s.status='ACTIVE'
and s.event<>'SQL*Net message from client'
and s.sid in (select HOLDING_SESSION from dba_blockers);
begin
for kills in killist loop
-- dbms_output.put_line('alter system kill session '''||kills.sid||','||kills.serial#||'''');
execute immediate 'alter system kill session ''' ||kills.sid||','||kills.serial#||'''';
end loop;
end;
/




##Killing a session


exec sys.kill(1147,13662)


Sunday, January 3, 2016

How to setup RMAN backup in Windows environment:-

How to setup RMAN backup in Windows OS environment:-

Command should be tested properly in Dev env and then should be used in production environment at user Risk:

Create a batch file say orcl_backup_rman.bat

==================In Batchfile=================
set logfile=%date%
set logfile=%logfile: =_%
set logfile=%logfile:/=_%
set logfile=orcl_backup_%logfile%.log

SET ORACLE_SID=ORCL

RMAN  nocatalog target / cmdfile 'U:\Oracle\orcl\bkp_scripts_logs\orcl_rman_backup.cmd' LOG='U:\Oracle\orcl\bkp_scripts_logs\logs\%logfile%'


Create a orcl_rman_backup.cmd file and put this command:

BACKUP AS COMPRESSED BACKUPSET database format 'U:\Oracle\orcl\backup\%U' plus archivelog format 'U:\Oracle\orcl\backup\%U' delete input;


delete force noprompt obsolete;

Status Code Definitions for my own Reference Others can use depending on your working Knowledge and understanding.

Status Code Definitions for my own Reference while others can use depending on your working Knowledge and understanding.

Others can read but use case and definition should vary and may not consider it as the final reference.

Finally others can use solely at there own Risks:


Status Code Definitions:-

Each Status-Code is described below, including a description of which method(s) it can follow and any metainformation required in the response.

10.1 Informational 1xx

This class of status code indicates a provisional response, consisting only of the Status-Line and optional headers, and is terminated by an empty line. There are no required headers for this class of status code. Since HTTP/1.0 did not define any 1xx status codes, servers MUST NOT send a 1xx response to an HTTP/1.0 client except under experimental conditions.

A client MUST be prepared to accept one or more 1xx status responses prior to a regular response, even if the client does not expect a 100 (Continue) status message. Unexpected 1xx status responses MAY be ignored by a user agent.

Proxies MUST forward 1xx responses, unless the connection between the proxy and its client has been closed, or unless the proxy itself requested the generation of the 1xx response. (For example, if a

proxy adds a "Expect: 100-continue" field when it forwards a request, then it need not forward the corresponding 100 (Continue) response(s).)

10.1.1 100 Continue

The client SHOULD continue with its request. This interim response is used to inform the client that the initial part of the request has been received and has not yet been rejected by the server. The client SHOULD continue by sending the remainder of the request or, if the request has already been completed, ignore this response. The server MUST send a final response after the request has been completed. See section 8.2.3 for detailed discussion of the use and handling of this status code.

10.1.2 101 Switching Protocols

The server understands and is willing to comply with the client's request, via the Upgrade message header field (section 14.42), for a change in the application protocol being used on this connection. The server will switch protocols to those defined by the response's Upgrade header field immediately after the empty line which terminates the 101 response.

The protocol SHOULD be switched only when it is advantageous to do so. For example, switching to a newer version of HTTP is advantageous over older versions, and switching to a real-time, synchronous protocol might be advantageous when delivering resources that use such features.

10.2 Successful 2xx

This class of status code indicates that the client's request was successfully received, understood, and accepted.

10.2.1 200 OK

The request has succeeded. The information returned with the response is dependent on the method used in the request, for example:

GET an entity corresponding to the requested resource is sent in the response;

HEAD the entity-header fields corresponding to the requested resource are sent in the response without any message-body;

POST an entity describing or containing the result of the action;

TRACE an entity containing the request message as received by the end server.

10.2.2 201 Created

The request has been fulfilled and resulted in a new resource being created. The newly created resource can be referenced by the URI(s) returned in the entity of the response, with the most specific URI for the resource given by a Location header field. The response SHOULD include an entity containing a list of resource characteristics and location(s) from which the user or user agent can choose the one most appropriate. The entity format is specified by the media type given in the Content-Type header field. The origin server MUST create the resource before returning the 201 status code. If the action cannot be carried out immediately, the server SHOULD respond with 202 (Accepted) response instead.

A 201 response MAY contain an ETag response header field indicating the current value of the entity tag for the requested variant just created, see section 14.19.

10.2.3 202 Accepted

The request has been accepted for processing, but the processing has not been completed. The request might or might not eventually be acted upon, as it might be disallowed when processing actually takes place. There is no facility for re-sending a status code from an asynchronous operation such as this.

The 202 response is intentionally non-committal. Its purpose is to allow a server to accept a request for some other process (perhaps a batch-oriented process that is only run once per day) without requiring that the user agent's connection to the server persist until the process is completed. The entity returned with this response SHOULD include an indication of the request's current status and either a pointer to a status monitor or some estimate of when the user can expect the request to be fulfilled.

10.2.4 203 Non-Authoritative Information

The returned metainformation in the entity-header is not the definitive set as available from the origin server, but is gathered from a local or a third-party copy. The set presented MAY be a subset or superset of the original version. For example, including local annotation information about the resource might result in a superset of the metainformation known by the origin server. Use of this response code is not required and is only appropriate when the response would otherwise be 200 (OK).

10.2.5 204 No Content

The server has fulfilled the request but does not need to return an entity-body, and might want to return updated metainformation. The response MAY include new or updated metainformation in the form of entity-headers, which if present SHOULD be associated with the requested variant.

If the client is a user agent, it SHOULD NOT change its document view from that which caused the request to be sent. This response is primarily intended to allow input for actions to take place without causing a change to the user agent's active document view, although any new or updated metainformation SHOULD be applied to the document currently in the user agent's active view.

The 204 response MUST NOT include a message-body, and thus is always terminated by the first empty line after the header fields.

10.2.6 205 Reset Content

The server has fulfilled the request and the user agent SHOULD reset the document view which caused the request to be sent. This response is primarily intended to allow input for actions to take place via user input, followed by a clearing of the form in which the input is given so that the user can easily initiate another input action. The response MUST NOT include an entity.

10.2.7 206 Partial Content

The server has fulfilled the partial GET request for the resource. The request MUST have included a Range header field (section 14.35) indicating the desired range, and MAY have included an If-Range header field (section 14.27) to make the request conditional.

The response MUST include the following header fields:

      - Either a Content-Range header field (section 14.16) indicating
        the range included with this response, or a multipart/byteranges
        Content-Type including Content-Range fields for each part. If a
        Content-Length header field is present in the response, its
        value MUST match the actual number of OCTETs transmitted in the
        message-body.
      - Date
      - ETag and/or Content-Location, if the header would have been sent
        in a 200 response to the same request
      - Expires, Cache-Control, and/or Vary, if the field-value might
        differ from that sent in any previous response for the same
        variant
If the 206 response is the result of an If-Range request that used a strong cache validator (see section 13.3.3), the response SHOULD NOT include other entity-headers. If the response is the result of an If-Range request that used a weak validator, the response MUST NOT include other entity-headers; this prevents inconsistencies between cached entity-bodies and updated headers. Otherwise, the response MUST include all of the entity-headers that would have been returned with a 200 (OK) response to the same request.

A cache MUST NOT combine a 206 response with other previously cached content if the ETag or Last-Modified headers do not match exactly, see 13.5.4.

A cache that does not support the Range and Content-Range headers MUST NOT cache 206 (Partial) responses.

10.3 Redirection 3xx

This class of status code indicates that further action needs to be taken by the user agent in order to fulfill the request. The action required MAY be carried out by the user agent without interaction with the user if and only if the method used in the second request is GET or HEAD. A client SHOULD detect infinite redirection loops, since such loops generate network traffic for each redirection.

      Note: previous versions of this specification recommended a
      maximum of five redirections. Content developers should be aware
      that there might be clients that implement such a fixed
      limitation.
10.3.1 300 Multiple Choices

The requested resource corresponds to any one of a set of representations, each with its own specific location, and agent- driven negotiation information (section 12) is being provided so that the user (or user agent) can select a preferred representation and redirect its request to that location.

Unless it was a HEAD request, the response SHOULD include an entity containing a list of resource characteristics and location(s) from which the user or user agent can choose the one most appropriate. The entity format is specified by the media type given in the Content- Type header field. Depending upon the format and the capabilities of

the user agent, selection of the most appropriate choice MAY be performed automatically. However, this specification does not define any standard for such automatic selection.

If the server has a preferred choice of representation, it SHOULD include the specific URI for that representation in the Location field; user agents MAY use the Location field value for automatic redirection. This response is cacheable unless indicated otherwise.

10.3.2 301 Moved Permanently

The requested resource has been assigned a new permanent URI and any future references to this resource SHOULD use one of the returned URIs. Clients with link editing capabilities ought to automatically re-link references to the Request-URI to one or more of the new references returned by the server, where possible. This response is cacheable unless indicated otherwise.

The new permanent URI SHOULD be given by the Location field in the response. Unless the request method was HEAD, the entity of the response SHOULD contain a short hypertext note with a hyperlink to the new URI(s).

If the 301 status code is received in response to a request other than GET or HEAD, the user agent MUST NOT automatically redirect the request unless it can be confirmed by the user, since this might change the conditions under which the request was issued.

      Note: When automatically redirecting a POST request after
      receiving a 301 status code, some existing HTTP/1.0 user agents
      will erroneously change it into a GET request.
10.3.3 302 Found

The requested resource resides temporarily under a different URI. Since the redirection might be altered on occasion, the client SHOULD continue to use the Request-URI for future requests. This response is only cacheable if indicated by a Cache-Control or Expires header field.

The temporary URI SHOULD be given by the Location field in the response. Unless the request method was HEAD, the entity of the response SHOULD contain a short hypertext note with a hyperlink to the new URI(s).

If the 302 status code is received in response to a request other than GET or HEAD, the user agent MUST NOT automatically redirect the request unless it can be confirmed by the user, since this might change the conditions under which the request was issued.

      Note: RFC 1945 and RFC 2068 specify that the client is not allowed
      to change the method on the redirected request.  However, most
      existing user agent implementations treat 302 as if it were a 303
      response, performing a GET on the Location field-value regardless
      of the original request method. The status codes 303 and 307 have
      been added for servers that wish to make unambiguously clear which
      kind of reaction is expected of the client.
10.3.4 303 See Other

The response to the request can be found under a different URI and SHOULD be retrieved using a GET method on that resource. This method exists primarily to allow the output of a POST-activated script to redirect the user agent to a selected resource. The new URI is not a substitute reference for the originally requested resource. The 303 response MUST NOT be cached, but the response to the second (redirected) request might be cacheable.

The different URI SHOULD be given by the Location field in the response. Unless the request method was HEAD, the entity of the response SHOULD contain a short hypertext note with a hyperlink to the new URI(s).

      Note: Many pre-HTTP/1.1 user agents do not understand the 303
      status. When interoperability with such clients is a concern, the
      302 status code may be used instead, since most user agents react
      to a 302 response as described here for 303.
10.3.5 304 Not Modified

If the client has performed a conditional GET request and access is allowed, but the document has not been modified, the server SHOULD respond with this status code. The 304 response MUST NOT contain a message-body, and thus is always terminated by the first empty line after the header fields.

The response MUST include the following header fields:

      - Date, unless its omission is required by section 14.18.1
If a clockless origin server obeys these rules, and proxies and clients add their own Date to any response received without one (as already specified by [RFC 2068], section 14.19), caches will operate correctly.

      - ETag and/or Content-Location, if the header would have been sent
        in a 200 response to the same request
      - Expires, Cache-Control, and/or Vary, if the field-value might
        differ from that sent in any previous response for the same
        variant
If the conditional GET used a strong cache validator (see section 13.3.3), the response SHOULD NOT include other entity-headers. Otherwise (i.e., the conditional GET used a weak validator), the response MUST NOT include other entity-headers; this prevents inconsistencies between cached entity-bodies and updated headers.

If a 304 response indicates an entity not currently cached, then the cache MUST disregard the response and repeat the request without the conditional.

If a cache uses a received 304 response to update a cache entry, the cache MUST update the entry to reflect any new field values given in the response.

10.3.6 305 Use Proxy

The requested resource MUST be accessed through the proxy given by the Location field. The Location field gives the URI of the proxy. The recipient is expected to repeat this single request via the proxy. 305 responses MUST only be generated by origin servers.

      Note: RFC 2068 was not clear that 305 was intended to redirect a
      single request, and to be generated by origin servers only.  Not
      observing these limitations has significant security consequences.
10.3.7 306 (Unused)

The 306 status code was used in a previous version of the specification, is no longer used, and the code is reserved.

10.3.8 307 Temporary Redirect

The requested resource resides temporarily under a different URI. Since the redirection MAY be altered on occasion, the client SHOULD continue to use the Request-URI for future requests. This response is only cacheable if indicated by a Cache-Control or Expires header field.

The temporary URI SHOULD be given by the Location field in the response. Unless the request method was HEAD, the entity of the response SHOULD contain a short hypertext note with a hyperlink to the new URI(s) , since many pre-HTTP/1.1 user agents do not understand the 307 status. Therefore, the note SHOULD contain the information necessary for a user to repeat the original request on the new URI.

If the 307 status code is received in response to a request other than GET or HEAD, the user agent MUST NOT automatically redirect the request unless it can be confirmed by the user, since this might change the conditions under which the request was issued.

10.4 Client Error 4xx

The 4xx class of status code is intended for cases in which the client seems to have erred. Except when responding to a HEAD request, the server SHOULD include an entity containing an explanation of the error situation, and whether it is a temporary or permanent condition. These status codes are applicable to any request method. User agents SHOULD display any included entity to the user.

If the client is sending data, a server implementation using TCP SHOULD be careful to ensure that the client acknowledges receipt of the packet(s) containing the response, before the server closes the input connection. If the client continues sending data to the server after the close, the server's TCP stack will send a reset packet to the client, which may erase the client's unacknowledged input buffers before they can be read and interpreted by the HTTP application.

10.4.1 400 Bad Request

The request could not be understood by the server due to malformed syntax. The client SHOULD NOT repeat the request without modifications.

10.4.2 401 Unauthorized

The request requires user authentication. The response MUST include a WWW-Authenticate header field (section 14.47) containing a challenge applicable to the requested resource. The client MAY repeat the request with a suitable Authorization header field (section 14.8). If the request already included Authorization credentials, then the 401 response indicates that authorization has been refused for those credentials. If the 401 response contains the same challenge as the prior response, and the user agent has already attempted authentication at least once, then the user SHOULD be presented the entity that was given in the response, since that entity might include relevant diagnostic information. HTTP access authentication is explained in "HTTP Authentication: Basic and Digest Access Authentication" [43].

10.4.3 402 Payment Required

This code is reserved for future use.

10.4.4 403 Forbidden

The server understood the request, but is refusing to fulfill it. Authorization will not help and the request SHOULD NOT be repeated. If the request method was not HEAD and the server wishes to make public why the request has not been fulfilled, it SHOULD describe the reason for the refusal in the entity. If the server does not wish to make this information available to the client, the status code 404 (Not Found) can be used instead.

10.4.5 404 Not Found

The server has not found anything matching the Request-URI. No indication is given of whether the condition is temporary or permanent. The 410 (Gone) status code SHOULD be used if the server knows, through some internally configurable mechanism, that an old resource is permanently unavailable and has no forwarding address. This status code is commonly used when the server does not wish to reveal exactly why the request has been refused, or when no other response is applicable.

10.4.6 405 Method Not Allowed

The method specified in the Request-Line is not allowed for the resource identified by the Request-URI. The response MUST include an Allow header containing a list of valid methods for the requested resource.

10.4.7 406 Not Acceptable

The resource identified by the request is only capable of generating response entities which have content characteristics not acceptable according to the accept headers sent in the request.

Unless it was a HEAD request, the response SHOULD include an entity containing a list of available entity characteristics and location(s) from which the user or user agent can choose the one most appropriate. The entity format is specified by the media type given in the Content-Type header field. Depending upon the format and the capabilities of the user agent, selection of the most appropriate choice MAY be performed automatically. However, this specification does not define any standard for such automatic selection.

      Note: HTTP/1.1 servers are allowed to return responses which are
      not acceptable according to the accept headers sent in the
      request. In some cases, this may even be preferable to sending a
      406 response. User agents are encouraged to inspect the headers of
      an incoming response to determine if it is acceptable.
If the response could be unacceptable, a user agent SHOULD temporarily stop receipt of more data and query the user for a decision on further actions.

10.4.8 407 Proxy Authentication Required

This code is similar to 401 (Unauthorized), but indicates that the client must first authenticate itself with the proxy. The proxy MUST return a Proxy-Authenticate header field (section 14.33) containing a challenge applicable to the proxy for the requested resource. The client MAY repeat the request with a suitable Proxy-Authorization header field (section 14.34). HTTP access authentication is explained in "HTTP Authentication: Basic and Digest Access Authentication" [43].

10.4.9 408 Request Timeout

The client did not produce a request within the time that the server was prepared to wait. The client MAY repeat the request without modifications at any later time.

10.4.10 409 Conflict

The request could not be completed due to a conflict with the current state of the resource. This code is only allowed in situations where it is expected that the user might be able to resolve the conflict and resubmit the request. The response body SHOULD include enough

information for the user to recognize the source of the conflict. Ideally, the response entity would include enough information for the user or user agent to fix the problem; however, that might not be possible and is not required.

Conflicts are most likely to occur in response to a PUT request. For example, if versioning were being used and the entity being PUT included changes to a resource which conflict with those made by an earlier (third-party) request, the server might use the 409 response to indicate that it can't complete the request. In this case, the response entity would likely contain a list of the differences between the two versions in a format defined by the response Content-Type.

10.4.11 410 Gone

The requested resource is no longer available at the server and no forwarding address is known. This condition is expected to be considered permanent. Clients with link editing capabilities SHOULD delete references to the Request-URI after user approval. If the server does not know, or has no facility to determine, whether or not the condition is permanent, the status code 404 (Not Found) SHOULD be used instead. This response is cacheable unless indicated otherwise.

The 410 response is primarily intended to assist the task of web maintenance by notifying the recipient that the resource is intentionally unavailable and that the server owners desire that remote links to that resource be removed. Such an event is common for limited-time, promotional services and for resources belonging to individuals no longer working at the server's site. It is not necessary to mark all permanently unavailable resources as "gone" or to keep the mark for any length of time -- that is left to the discretion of the server owner.

10.4.12 411 Length Required

The server refuses to accept the request without a defined Content- Length. The client MAY repeat the request if it adds a valid Content-Length header field containing the length of the message-body in the request message.

10.4.13 412 Precondition Failed

The precondition given in one or more of the request-header fields evaluated to false when it was tested on the server. This response code allows the client to place preconditions on the current resource metainformation (header field data) and thus prevent the requested method from being applied to a resource other than the one intended.

10.4.14 413 Request Entity Too Large

The server is refusing to process a request because the request entity is larger than the server is willing or able to process. The server MAY close the connection to prevent the client from continuing the request.

If the condition is temporary, the server SHOULD include a Retry- After header field to indicate that it is temporary and after what time the client MAY try again.

10.4.15 414 Request-URI Too Long

The server is refusing to service the request because the Request-URI is longer than the server is willing to interpret. This rare condition is only likely to occur when a client has improperly converted a POST request to a GET request with long query information, when the client has descended into a URI "black hole" of redirection (e.g., a redirected URI prefix that points to a suffix of itself), or when the server is under attack by a client attempting to exploit security holes present in some servers using fixed-length buffers for reading or manipulating the Request-URI.

10.4.16 415 Unsupported Media Type

The server is refusing to service the request because the entity of the request is in a format not supported by the requested resource for the requested method.

10.4.17 416 Requested Range Not Satisfiable

A server SHOULD return a response with this status code if a request included a Range request-header field (section 14.35), and none of the range-specifier values in this field overlap the current extent of the selected resource, and the request did not include an If-Range request-header field. (For byte-ranges, this means that the first- byte-pos of all of the byte-range-spec values were greater than the current length of the selected resource.)

When this status code is returned for a byte-range request, the response SHOULD include a Content-Range entity-header field specifying the current length of the selected resource (see section 14.16). This response MUST NOT use the multipart/byteranges content- type.

10.4.18 417 Expectation Failed

The expectation given in an Expect request-header field (see section 14.20) could not be met by this server, or, if the server is a proxy, the server has unambiguous evidence that the request could not be met by the next-hop server.

10.5 Server Error 5xx

Response status codes beginning with the digit "5" indicate cases in which the server is aware that it has erred or is incapable of performing the request. Except when responding to a HEAD request, the server SHOULD include an entity containing an explanation of the error situation, and whether it is a temporary or permanent condition. User agents SHOULD display any included entity to the user. These response codes are applicable to any request method.

10.5.1 500 Internal Server Error

The server encountered an unexpected condition which prevented it from fulfilling the request.

10.5.2 501 Not Implemented

The server does not support the functionality required to fulfill the request. This is the appropriate response when the server does not recognize the request method and is not capable of supporting it for any resource.

10.5.3 502 Bad Gateway

The server, while acting as a gateway or proxy, received an invalid response from the upstream server it accessed in attempting to fulfill the request.

10.5.4 503 Service Unavailable

The server is currently unable to handle the request due to a temporary overloading or maintenance of the server. The implication is that this is a temporary condition which will be alleviated after some delay. If known, the length of the delay MAY be indicated in a Retry-After header. If no Retry-After is given, the client SHOULD handle the response as it would for a 500 response.

      Note: The existence of the 503 status code does not imply that a
      server must use it when becoming overloaded. Some servers may wish
      to simply refuse the connection.
10.5.5 504 Gateway Timeout

The server, while acting as a gateway or proxy, did not receive a timely response from the upstream server specified by the URI (e.g. HTTP, FTP, LDAP) or some other auxiliary server (e.g. DNS) it needed to access in attempting to complete the request.

      Note: Note to implementors: some deployed proxies are known to
      return 400 or 500 when DNS lookups time out.
10.5.6 505 HTTP Version Not Supported

The server does not support, or refuses to support, the HTTP protocol version that was used in the request message. The server is indicating that it is unable or unwilling to complete the request using the same major version as the client, as described in section 3.1, other than with this error message. The response SHOULD contain an entity describing why that version is not supported and what other protocols are supported by that server.


Understanding and Introduction to iostat , vmstat and netstat

Understanding of iostat , vmstat and netstat 

This article is primarily written with reference to solaris performance monitoring and tuning but these tools are available in other unix variants also with slight syntax difference.

iostat , vmstat and netstat are three most commonly used tools for performance monitoring . These comes built in with the operating system and are easy to use .iostat stands for input output statistics and reports statistics for i/o devices such as disk drives . vmstat gives the statistics for virtual Memory and netstat gives the network statstics .

Following section describes these tools and their usage for performance monitoring.

Table of content :
1. Iostat
* Syntax
* example
* Result and Solutions

2. vmstat
* syntax
* example
* Result and Solutions

3. netstat
* syntax
* example
* Result and Solutions

Input Output statistics ( iostat )
iostat reports terminal and disk I/O activity and CPU utilization. The first line of output is for the time period since boot & each subsequent line is for the prior interval . Kernel maintains a number of counters to keep track of the values.

iostat’s activity class options default to tdc (terminal, disk, and CPU). If any other option/s are specified, this default is completely overridden i.e. iostat -d will report only statistics about the disks.

syntax:
Basic synctax is iostat interval count
option – let you specify the device for which information is needed like disk , cpu or terminal. (-d , -c , -t or -tdc ) . x options gives the extended statistics .

interval – is time period in seconds between two samples . iostat 4 will give data at each 4 seconds interval.

count – is the number of times the data is needed . iostat 4 5 will give data at 4 seconds interval 5 times

Example

$ iostat -xtc 5 2
                          extended disk statistics       tty         cpu
     disk r/s  w/s Kr/s Kw/s wait actv svc_t  %w  %b  tin tout us sy wt id
     sd0   2.6 3.0 20.7 22.7 0.1  0.2  59.2   6   19   0   84  3  85 11 0
     sd1   4.2 1.0 33.5  8.0 0.0  0.2  47.2   2   23
     sd2   0.0 0.0  0.0  0.0 0.0  0.0   0.0   0    0
     sd3  10.2 1.6 51.4 12.8 0.1  0.3  31.2   3   31

The fields have the following meanings:
      disk    name of the disk
      r/s     reads per second
      w/s     writes per second
      Kr/s    kilobytes read per second
      Kw/s    kilobytes written per second
      wait    average number of transactions waiting for service (Q length)
      actv    average number of transactions  actively being serviced
(removed  from  the  queue but not yet completed)
      %w      percent of time there are transactions  waiting
              for service (queue non-empty)
      %b      percent of time the disk is busy  (transactions
                  in progress)Results and Solutions
The values to look from the iostat output are:
* Reads/writes per second (r/s , w/s)
* Percentage busy (%b)
* Service time (svc_t)

If a disk shows consistently high reads/writes along with , the percentage busy (%b) of the disks is greater than 5 percent, and the average service time (svc_t) is greater than 30 milliseconds, then one of the following action needs to be taken

1.) Tune the application to use disk i/o more efficiently by modifying the disk queries and using available cache facilities of application servers .

2.) Spread the file system of the disk on to two or more disk using disk striping feature of volume manager /disksuite etc.

3.) Increase the system parameter values for inode cache , ufs_ninode , which is Number of inodes to be held in memory. Inodes are cached globally (for UFS), not on a per-file system basis

4.) Move the file system to another faster disk /controller or replace existing disk/controller to a faster one.

Next Page vmstat

Virtual Memory Statistics ( vmstat )

vmstat – vmstat reports virtual memory statistics of process, virtual memory, disk, trap, and CPU activity.

On multicpu systems , vmstat averages the number of CPUs into the output. For per-process statistics .Without options, vmstat displays a one-line summary of the virtual memory activity since the system was booted.

syntax
Basic synctax is vmstat interval count

option – let you specify the type of information needed such as paging -p , cache -c ,.interrupt -i etc.

if no option is specified information about process , memory , paging , disk ,interrupts & cpu is displayed .

interval – is time period in seconds between two samples . vmstat 4 will give data at each 4 seconds interval.

count – is the number of times the data is needed . vmstat 4 5 will give data at 4 seconds interval 5 times.

Example
The following command displays a summary of what the system
is doing every five seconds.

example% vmstat 5

     procs  memory          page             disk      faults        cpu
     r b w swap  free re mf pi p fr de sr s0 s1 s2 s3  in  sy  cs us sy id
     0 0 0 11456 4120 1  41 19 1  3  0  2  0  4  0  0  48 112 130  4 14 82
     0 0 1 10132 4280 0   4 44 0  0  0  0  0 23  0  0 211 230 144  3 35 62
     0 0 1 10132 4616 0   0 20 0  0  0  0  0 19  0  0 150 172 146  3 33 64
     0 0 1 10132 5292 0   0  9 0  0  0  0  0 21  0  0 165 105 130  1 21 78

The fields of vmstat's display are
procs
r     in run queue
b     blocked for resources I/O, paging etc.
w     swapped
memory (in Kbytes)
swap -  amount  of  swap   space   currently   available
free   - size of the free list

page ( in units per second).
re    page reclaims -  see  -S  option  for  how  this
field is modified.
mf    minor faults -  see  -S  option  for  how    this
field is modified.
pi    kilobytes paged in
po    kilobytes paged out
fr    kilobytes freed
de    anticipated short-term memory shortfall (Kbytes)
sr    pages scanned by clock algorithm
disk  ( operations per second )
There are  slots for up to four disks,
 labeled with a single letter and number.
The letter indicates  the  type  of disk
 (s = SCSI, i = IPI, etc).
The number is  the logical unit number.

faults
in    (non clock) device interrupts
sy    system calls
cs    CPU context switches

cpu  -   breakdown of percentage usage of CPU  time.
 On multiprocessors  this is an a
 average across all processors.
us    user time
sy    system time
id    idle timeResults and Solution from iostat 

A. CPU issues
Following columns has to be watched to determine if there is any cpu issue

1. Processes in the run queue (procs r)
2. User time (cpu us)
3. System time (cpu sy)
4. Idle time (cpu id)

     procs      cpu
     r b w    us sy  id
     0 0 0    4  14  82
     0 0 1    3  35  62
     0 0 1    3  33  64
     0 0 1    1  21  78Problem symptoms

A.) Number of processes in run queue
1.) If the number of processes in run queue (procs r) are consistently greater than the number of CPUs on the system it will slow down system as there are more processes then available CPUs .
2.) if this number is more than four times the number of available CPUs in the system then system is facing shortage of cpu power and will greatly slow down the processess on the system.
3.) If the idle time (cpu id) is consistently 0 and if the system time (cpu sy) is double the user time (cpu us) system is facing shortage of CPU resources.

Resolution 
Resolution to these kind of issues involves tuning of application procedures to make efficient use of cpu and as a last resort increasing the cpu power or adding more cpu to the system.

B. Memory Issues
Memory bottlenecks are determined by the scan rate (sr) . The scan rate is the pages scanned by the clock algorithm per second. If the scan rate (sr) is continuously over 200 pages per second then there is a memory shortage.

Resolution
1. Tune the applications & servers to make efficient use of memory and cache.
2. Increase system memory .
3. Implement priority paging in s in pre solaris 8 versions by adding line “set priority paging=1? in
/etc/system. Remove this line if upgrading from Solaris 7 to 8 & retaining old /etc/system file.

Next Page netstat

Network Statistics (netstat)

netstat displays the contents of various network-related data structures in depending on the options selected.

Syntax 

netstat
multiple options can be given at one time.

Options
-a – displays the state of all sockets.
-r – shows the system routing tables
-i – gives statistics on a per-interface basis.
-m – displays information from the network memory buffers. On Solaris, this shows statistics
for STREAMS
-p [proto] – retrieves statistics for the specified protocol
-s – shows per-protocol statistics. (some implementations allow -ss to remove fileds with a value of 0 (zero) from the display.)
-D – display the status of DHCP configured interfaces.
-n do not lookup hostnames, display only IP addresses.
-d (with -i) displays dropped packets per interface.
-I [interface] retrieve information about only the specified interface.
-v be verbose

interval – number for continuous display of statictics.

Example 
$netstat -rn

Routing Table: IPv4
    Destination           Gateway               Flags  Ref   Use   Interface
-------------------- -------------------- ----- ----- ------ ---------
192.168.1.0         192.168.1.11          U        1   1444      le0
224.0.0.0           192.168.1.11          U        1   0            le0
default             192.168.1.1           UG       1   68276
127.0.0.1           127.0.0.1             UH       1   10497     lo0This shows the output on a Solaris machine who’s IP address is 192.168.1.11 with a default router at 192.168.1.1

Results and Solutions 

A.) Network availability
The command as above is mostly useful in troubleshooting network accessibility issues . When outside network is not accessible from a machine check the following

1. if the default router ip address is correct
2. you can ping it from your machine.
3. If router address is incorrect it can be changed with route add command. See man route for more information.

route command examples
$route add default
$route add 192.0.2.32

If the router address is correct but still you can’t ping it there may be some network cable /hub/switch problem and you have to try and eliminate the faulty component .

B.) Network Response
$ netstat -i

Name Mtu Net/Dest Address Ipkts Ierrs Opkts Oerrs Collis Queue
lo0 8232 loopback localhost 77814 0 77814 0 0 0
hme0 1500 server1 server1 10658 3 48325 0 279257 0This option is used to diagnose the network problems when the connectivity is there but it is slow in response .

Values to look at:

* Collisions (Collis)
* Output packets (Opkts)
* Input errors (Ierrs)
* Input packets (Ipkts)

The above values will give information to workout

i. Network collision rate as follows :

Network collision rate = Output collision counts / Output packets

Network-wide collision rate greater than 10 percent will indicate

* Overloaded network,
* Poorly configured network,
* Hardware problems.

ii. Input packet error rate as follows :

Input Packet Error Rate = Ierrs / Ipkts.

If the input error rate is high (over 0.25 percent), the host is dropping packets. Hub/switch cables etc needs to be checked for potential problems.

C. Network socket & TCP Connection state

Netstat gives important information about network socket and tcp state . This is very useful in
finding out the open , closed and waiting network tcp connection .

Network states returned by netstat are following

CLOSED       ----  Closed.  The socket  is  not  being used.
LISTEN       ----  Listening for incoming connections.
SYN_SENT     ----  Actively trying to  establish  connection.
SYN_RECEIVED ---- Initial synchronization of the connection under way.
ESTABLISHED  ----  Connection has been established.
CLOSE_WAIT   ----  Remote shut down; waiting  for  the socket to close.
FIN_WAIT_1   ----  Socket closed; shutting  down  connection.
CLOSING      ----  Closed,
then   remote   shutdown; awaiting acknowledgement.
LAST_ACK     ----   Remote  shut  down,  then   closed ;awaiting acknowledgement.
FIN_WAIT_2   ----  Socket closed; waiting for shutdown from remote.
TIME_WAIT    ----  Wait after close for  remote  shutdown retransmission..Example

#netstat -a

Local Address Remote Address Swind   Send-Q Rwind Recv-Q State
*.* *.* 0 0 24576 0 IDLE
*.22 *.* 0 0 24576 0 LISTEN
*.22 *.* 0 0 24576 0 LISTEN
*.* *.* 0 0 24576 0 IDLE
*.32771 *.* 0 0 24576 0 LISTEN
*.4045 *.* 0 0 24576 0 LISTEN
*.25 *.* 0 0 24576 0 LISTEN
*.5987 *.* 0 0 24576 0 LISTEN
*.898 *.* 0 0 24576 0 LISTEN
*.32772 *.* 0 0 24576 0 LISTEN
*.32775 *.* 0 0 24576 0 LISTEN
*.32776 *.* 0 0 24576 0 LISTEN
*.* *.* 0 0 24576 0 IDLE
182.1157.2.201.22 231.115.2.185.50457 41992 0 24616 0 ESTABLISHED
182.1157.2.201.22 231.115.2.185.56806 38912 0 24616 0 ESTABLISHED
182.1157.2.201.22 192.168.1.183.58672 18048 0 24616 0 ESTABLISHED if you see a lots of connections in FIN_WAIT state tcp/ip parameters have to be tuned because the
connections are not being closed and they gets accumulating . After some time system may run out of
resource . TCP parameter can be tuned to define a time out so that connections can be released and used by new connection.